The notion of "philosophy of law" is deeply problematical in the thought of Nietzsche, since all philosophy (generally) is conceived by him as an ex post facto rationalization of a deeper psychological truth: "Gradually it has become clear to me," Nietzsche says in Beyond Good and Evil, "what every great philosophy so far has been," namely a "personal confession" and "involuntary memoir" in which "desires of the heart" have been "filtered and made abstract," and then "defended with reasons sought after the fact" (Nietzsche 1954c, sec. 5).