The diversity of methods of treating chronic phantom limb pain illustrates the complexity of the therapeutic problem. When conservative therapies or local peripheral interventions fail to produce relief, the neurosurgeon is consulted. Two basic types of neurosurgical intervention will be discussed: (1) Interruption of a nerve path between the periphery and the cerebral cortex; (2) electrical neurostimulation of spinal and supraspinal structures. On the basis of the literature and our own data collected over a span of many years, an attempt will be made to show what types of neurosurgical intervention are useful today and, therefore, the role of neurosurgery in the treatment of therapy-resistant phantom limb pain will be assessed.