Central and East European
Society for Phenomenology

Conference | Paper

Phenomenology of Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia

Jon Stewart

Wednesday 4 September 2024

15:15 - 15:55

TU-Coworking

With the present study I wish to investigate the religious experience of the ancient Sumerians and Akkadians, whose rich and complex conceptions of their gods and goddesses has proven to be a source of considerable debate. One reason for the debate is the great antiquity of these cultures and the scattered and fragmented sources we have concerning their religious views. Indeed, there are many interpretative difficulties that stand in the way of understanding the religion of these peoples. The myths of the ancient Mesopotamians were complex and changing. There are different versions that make it difficult to talk in any definitive way about this material. Moreover, the iconographical record is inconsistent and usually difficult to interpret. The gods seem to be portrayed in different ways, and often it is unclear which god is in fact depicted. Moreover, the sheer number of their deities and supernatural entities is enormous, and bringing order to all of them with complete consistency seems impossible. It is thought that the Sumerians and the Akkadians had more than 3600 gods and goddesses! The first historical records that come down to us are from around 2900 BC, but the religious beliefs of these peoples come from a much earlier, prehistoric time. In this paper I propose to demonstrate that a semblance of order can be found in the development of their conceptions of the divine from zoomorphic to anthropomorphic. This development took millennia, but when seen over this vast period of time, a logos can be discerned.